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Again, the dream-work is one of the products of the formation of the unconscious process, and there are elements which process the dream-work.  And the two primary elements, condensation and displacemet will   be also taking apart in the process of the dream-work.

Keep in mind,  that all the mechanisms of the unconscious process are the same for all the formation of the unconsicious i.e. dreams, jokes, symptoms, etc; therefore the primary elements i.e condensation and displacements (and additional elements --- will be explained later on this post) will always be apart of these products of the formation of the unconscious process.

The condesation is the first achievement in the dream-work; its where different concepts or ideas in the dreams represent within a single idea/concept. The example of this can bee seen in the Freud's own dreams about Irma. The figure of Irma that Freud saw in the dream represent some people characters whom he knew in his life, such as Irma's friend, Freud's oldest daughter, and the governess. These all characters represent into a figure of Irma. The actual character of Irma itself had been displaced by these characters. This displacement of the actual character into many characters on the dream is known as the second achievement in the dream-work. 

'Day residue' or famously known as dream-day according to Freud constitute  of an instigator of the dreams; or the events during in the waking life that evokes the dreams. In the Irma's dream, the instigator is the conversation between Freud and Otto during the day, before Freud had that dream. Freud asked about Irma's condition, which was responded by Otto with: "She's better but not quite well". This conversation instigated in the Freud's dream and represent the figure of Irma which composite of different characters.

Symbols appear in the dream as one of the other elements to process the dream-work; through symbols the actual meanings in the dream are hidden (latent-content), therefore we sometimes forget the content in the dream-latent due to dream-latent often dominant by symbols; unlike in the dream-manifest that mostly represent the actual image or thought.

According to Freud in the free-association of the  psycho-analysis method, apart that  the dreamer's association  should not to be abandoned --- Freud also suggested that it is noteworthy for the analyst to be knowledgeable about dream-symbols.


The third achievement in the dream-work is called visualisation; the stage where the thought transform into the visual images. And the last of the achievement in the dream-work called secondary-revision where the dreams are reorganized.

As it's already mentioned in the previous post that when the unconscious mind produce dreams, then it is called dream-works; when the unconsious mind produce jokes, it is called joke-works, etc. Each types of the works have different stage of elements to process the 'work'.The most of primary elements that involves in the 'work' (i.e., joke-works, dream-works, etc) are called condesation and displacement. And to understand further about the formation of the unconsious, it is important to know  the definitions of these two elements  first. 

Condesation is when many different ideas or concepts are represented within a single idea or concept. We can take an example of this from the phenomena of Freud's slip of the tongue when he intentionally unconscious mentioned Botticelli and Boltraffio instead of Signorelli, the name of the place that he once had visited along time ago. With his own experience of slip of the tongue, Freud had explain through his psycho-analysis that the slip of the tongue occured due to of the repression of something that he wanted to forget.  His wish to forget this memory repressed, and when it returned the repression distinguish and then condensed in two place's names  i.e., Botticelly and Boltraffio. He then associated the two of these names which leaded him in two names Bosnia and Trafoi.

So, what has stimulated Freud to mentioned the place's name wrong ? Here is how the formation of the unconscious mind made from, it's made of between unconsious and conscious i.e. the wish and the defense against wish, or it's called compromise formations. Freud consciously knew that he had incorrrectly mentioned the  name of Signorelli, but in the same time the idea to mentioned Botticelli and Boltraffio came out unintentionally. This due to the  associations in the name of the Signorelli that he wanted to forget.

Later Frued associated further to Bosnia and Trafoi and leaded him to  that Signorelli's word had undergone a division into two pieces; that the name of the boltraffio was alluding to Trafoi, and Botticelli was alluding to Bosnia, which all these names associated to some events in the previous of Freud's life. These associations hereafter displaced the actual name of the Signorelli.

The psychic is the mind, it's the non-psychical aspects of a person; it is the seat of both conscious and unconscious  thought process. Both of these thinking processes produce physical acts in two ways namely rational and irrational. The acts are produced by a process of thinking in two ways.

The way of  the conscious thinking process is when the mind follow the laws of the conscious logic and produces rational statement and conclusion. According to Freud that most of human's acts are resulted by the unconscious mind, this due to human often repress their memory, pain, trauma, etc: all of these (i.e., memory, pain, trauma, etc), in other words it can be called by wishes, and this repression returns to distort the wishes, this distortion of the unconscious mind leads to process a condesation and displacement. 

A dream is a completely mysterious jigsaw, it seems like bring a message through variety of symbols, but then remain in the depth of riddles. Nothing more difficult and interesting subject to me right now except the interpretation of dreams subject. Since I'm interested to study Freud's lectures,  particularly in the lecture of the interpretation of dreams; I'm now more pay attention to my own dreams --- by putting a small note beside my bed, although I could usually remember it, but then after few days the contains of the dreams are difficult to recalled it again. In some cases some people cannot remember their dreams, but others can remember their dreams clearly. 

I remember once when I was a child my mother said that dreams appear because we don't pray before off to bed (especially when I had a bad dream); since then I try to keep in mind to pray before off to bed, but I still have dreams though I've prayed until fall asleep! 

Dream is a world creation of wish to become fullfiled; our thought, feeling, and memory during in waking life remains a repression, and this repression is known from our wishes that unfullfiled during in waking life, which is hereafter lead us to dreamed. This unfillfiled wishes can be from recent and significant, or even insignicant events in childhood life till adult life, or even in the future life.

Dreams are usually distorted; it can be appeared in odd events, or it something that doesn't make sense to you. The distortion of the dreams more often occur in adult's dreams than child's dreams. According to Freud it's called the dream-latent content (opposite of the dream- manifest); that dreams are hidden and have meanings. However, according to Freud dream can be also just as a puzzle picture. It can be something or nothing.

But how dreams can be something as well as nothing? What nothing can be? Isn't that dream a creation to the world of wishes to become real?

I will add my own dream here as example of that dream is a distortion; the dream that I had last night, but I didn't put it on my note as I can still remember how odd it was.

"We were in a pub with the classic furnitures surroundings; there were some mixed people asian and european; I was wearing a classic european dress --- the one that I usually watch on an English movie. I walked outside the pub....

Still in the same dream...

.... and I was standing outside somewhere, there was a road with loads big trees in its side --  I saw unknown guys whom characterized like my old friends in Indonesia. At cross the road not really far from us, there were some guys whom behaviourly like gangsters. They separated into two ways. When we saw they were gone, we were down to the road, and split in two groups --- I was with a guy who characterized like Yanto, my very best friend in my childhood life. And the rest were doing a photographed (in the dark with a slight bit of light from the road). On the way wanted to go back to the pub, I saw the group of the bad guys came in the same time from two ways. I and Yanto stucked in the middle, and only a jungle a high and ancient enclosure front of us. Seeing nothing there that could help us, we jumped off the enclosure and get into that very deep and dark jungle. We walked into the jungle and saw some of destroying houses --- we stayed inside one of those destroying houses. I saw through the campfire shadow the bad guys were still waiting us. Later they were coming inside the jungle, passed us,  and shouting very loud....."

At the same I frightened, I woke up with feeling pain all over my body, and on my legs especially....

As it's already mentioned on the previous post that argument can be valid or invalid; however an argument is also can be strong or weak. The difference between the two of these arguments are described differently as an argument may difficult to solve if we don't understand to distinguish these type of arguments, and what fallacies have involved the argument. This is how we can clearly see the fallacy in argument. 

Argument can be devided in two types, Inductive and deductive. And they both have spesific characters in reasoning that can lead the argument either valid or invalid, strong or weak.

Inductive argument is charaterised by strong or weak argument. Basically, the inductive argument is based on probalistic reasoning.

A strong Inductive argument characterized by cogency in which it's based on true premises (cogent) or false premises (uncogent); and all weak Inductive arguments are uncogent. Typically Inductive argument comes from one particular subject to generalisation; hence although the premises are false the conclusion can be true as the conclusion might become real or true in the future. Therefore the inductive argument can never be valid or invalid as it gives too much probability reasonings in the conclusion. 

Here is example of strong and weak of  inductive argument.

People have been listening to rock and roll music for over a hundred years. Probably people will still be listening to it a year from now.

Note: the message has given its logic although the premises are false; remember, that anything can follow in the false premises.

The African American athelete Ladainian Tomlinson is able to withstand tremendous impact on the football field. However, Serena Williams, like Ladainian Tomlinson, is a great African American athlete. Therefore, Serena Williams should be able to withstand tremendous impact on the football field.

Note: The premises are ture, but the conclusion is false.

Unlike Inductive argument that has character strong or weak in its conclusion; deductive argument is based on true premises and followed by true conclusion. Deductive argument is always about valid or invalid. The validity in deductive argument is when the premises is true then the conclusion must be true; you have to accept the conclusion if you accept the premises.

Invalid argument:

Since Agatha is th emother of Raquel and the sister of Tom, it follows that Tom is the uncle of Raquel.

Note: The premises are true, but the conlusion is false.

Since the Christmas is always on Thursday, it follows that the day after Christmas is always on Friday.

Apart of should be able  know about the difference between "Truth and Validity In An Argument" in the critical thinking study is to be able to distinguish an argument from explanation or a description; analyzing an argument into its premises and conclusion; distinguish inductive from deductive argumentation; and explain the relationship between validity and truth in reasoning. These are very important part of learning in the critical thinking, hence we will be able to analyze argument in all right way; as well as it leads us to  think and behave academically in critical thinking. 

As I've already recommended on my previous post --- for those who interested in critical thinking please read the book of Douglas N. Walton, Informal Logic, and another good book is Nigel Warburton, Thinking from A to Z.

Argument derives from terms and claims; there will be no argument come alone without terms and claims, and the terms can be clear or unclear --- but remember there's always logical relationship between terms and claims. 

However, although there is a logical relationship between terms and claim --- argument can be valid or invalid depending on the proportions of the premises and the conclusion. Nevertheless, the fact that argument is valid does not guarantee the truth of its conclusion --- but an argument is sound when it is valid and only true premises.

Here is one of the methode of argument called modus ponendo ponens (MPP) *MPP was orginally from latin*.

For example:

If Cut Nyak Dien was born in Galway then RA Kartini was born in Dublin. Cut Nyak Dien was born in Galway therefore RA Kartini was born in Dublin.

Remember, that argument is all about valid or invalid; therefore, you don't look at the true or false of the concept --- if the sound argument it says logically then the argumen is valid. We know (for Indonesian certainly know about this) that Cut Nyak Dien wasn't born in Ireland as well as RA Kartini --- but for other people who are not Indonesian, they just see the whole sentence make a sense (logic) --- they don't know about the whether the information is true or false.

Here is another methode of argument called Modus tollendo tollens (MTT):

For  example: 

 

If  the post office closed, the letter will not be posted. The letter is not posted. Therefore the post office is closed.

If I ask you what the difference between Validity and Truth then you would probably describe that there is no different between the two of them; that a definition of validity has similiar to truth. However, validity and truth have different descriptions in the meaning of a critical thinking study. It is also important to distuingsh the differences between two of them to know and understanding the validity or invalidity in an argument.

In a reality we often find how argument goes messy due to uncomprehending between the parties --- and even more some people do personal attack to other persons in an argument, in which they more point out at the person's character instead of the main issue.

If you want to be a critical thinking person --- you should have an ability to understand and evaluate reasoning --- don't just give personal attack as it's already mentioned; and also ability to draw conclusions and evaluating evidence; that's how argument can work properly.

So how do we know that the argument valid or invalid?

Some people find it easy to analyse valid or invalid in argument; what you should first know is the difference between validity and truth in argument.

Validity refers to the relation between the set of proporsitions that serve as the premises and the one proposition that serves as the conclusion. The argument is valid if the conclusion follows with logical necessity from the premises.

Premises is the claim in argument that provides the reason for believing a conclusion. A claim or statement in here can be either true or false. According to the premises --- your belief can change the argument. 

Premises will be followed by conclusion --- hence argument exist; there is no conclusion without premises.

Truth is the attribute of a proposition that asserts what really is the case such as claim.

Will be back with further discuss about valid and invalid argument.